MacBook including Air and Pro with non-removable batteries – shut down.Wait a further 5 seconds before pressing Power button to start up. Reset NVRAM (PRAM) – Command-Option-P-R until startup chime. Startup Manager, so you can choose startup volume – Option.Įject removable media (optical disk) – Eject key, F12, mouse button, trackpad button. Target disk mode (connected to ‘master’ Mac) – T. Single-user mode (command line only, rarely useful now) – Command-S. Remote Hardware Test/Diagnostics (online) – Option-D requires a wired keyboard and trackpad/mouse.

Hardware Test/Diagnostics mode (run hardware diagnostics) – D requires a wired keyboard and trackpad/mouse. These Recovery modes differ in their reinstall options. Remote (original) Recovery mode (online Recovery, 10.12.4 and later only) – Command-Option-Shift-R requires a wired keyboard and trackpad/mouse. Remote (latest) Recovery mode (online Recovery) – Command-Option-R requires a wired keyboard and trackpad/mouse.

Local Recovery mode (Recovery partition, Disk Utility, System install) – Command-R requires a wired keyboard and trackpad/mouse. Safe mode (no third-party startups, flush caches) – Shift. Instead of giving these by the keys used, I have ordered them by function, as that is how you will want to look them up. Here is a handy listing of the most important startup and shutdown key combinations and related techniques, applicable to Macs running macOS Sierra and later.

Option + r mac os x